TY - JOUR

T1 - Phylogeographical history of the Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus, a species widely distributed across Africa

AU - Fuchs, Jérôme

AU - Bowie, Rauri C. K.

AU - Melo, Martim

AU - Boano, Giovanni

AU - Pavia, Marco

AU - Fjeldså, Jon

N1 - Funding Information: We are very grateful to the following institutions and people for their invaluable contributions to our study: Natural History Museum London (M. Adams); Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA (J. Bates, S. Hackett, D. Willard, B. Marks); Louisiana State University, Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, USA (R. Brumfield, D. Dittmann, F.H. Sheldon); Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (U. Johansson); University of Washington, Burke Museum, Seattle, WA, USA (S. Birks, R. Faucett, J. Klicka); the Zoological Collection and Herbarium at ISCED‐Huíla, Angola (F. Lages) and J. Heymans. We would also like to thank the provincial authorities in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Kwazulu‐Natal of South Africa and Eastern Cape Parks for granting permission to collect samples and specimens (permits 0112‐CPM401‐00001, CPM‐002‐00003, OP 3771/2009, 01‐24158, CRO144/14CR, FAUNA1066‐2008, RA‐0190). This work was supported by NSF (DEB‐1120356 and 1441652) to R.C.K.B., a postdoctoral fellowship to J.F. from the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, a fellowship to M.M. (Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, SFRH/BPD/100614/2014) and the University of Turin ex 60% Grant 2018 and 2019 to M.P. For help in the laboratory, we thank C. Bonillo, D. Gey (UMS2700‐OMSI, MNHN) and L. Smith (University of California, Berkeley). The Science Faculty Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Cape Town (clearance number: 2008/V26/JF) and the IACUC committee of University of California at Berkeley (AUP‐R317) approved the handling and sampling of the individuals. We would like to thank M. Balman, BirdLife International and NatureServe ( 2013 ), for providing the shape files used for Figure 1 . For assistance in organizing field work and permits, we thank COSTECH (Commission for Science and Technology; Tanzania); TAWIRI (Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute); the Tanzanian Division of Forestry and Bee‐keeping; Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife; the Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs (J. Heymans, T. J. Seakamela), R. Mojapelo (Polokwane Game Reserve); Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development of Burkina Faso (U. Belemsobgo); the AGEREF (Association intervillageoise de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, Banfora, BF); the Zoological Collection and Herbarium at ISCED‐Huíla, Angola (F. Lages); and Michael Mills. We also gratefully acknowledge M. Karama, H. Chittenden, P. Lloyd, Â. Ribeiro and H. Smit for various help and support in the field. J. Fjeldså acknowledges the Danish National Research Foundation for support to the Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate (DNRF96). We also thank J. B. Kristensen and R. J. Dowsett for help accessing crucial bibliographic data and unpublished data. Previous versions of the manuscript benefited from the comments of two anonymous reviewers, plus Gary Voelker and Rebecca Kimball. Funding Information: We are very grateful to the following institutions and people for their invaluable contributions to our study: Natural History Museum London (M. Adams); Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA (J. Bates, S. Hackett, D. Willard, B. Marks); Louisiana State University, Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, USA (R. Brumfield, D. Dittmann, F.H. Sheldon); Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (U. Johansson); University of Washington, Burke Museum, Seattle, WA, USA (S. Birks, R. Faucett, J. Klicka); the Zoological Collection and Herbarium at ISCED-Hu?la, Angola (F. Lages) and J. Heymans. We would also like to thank the provincial authorities in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Kwazulu-Natal of South Africa and Eastern Cape Parks for granting permission to collect samples and specimens (permits 0112-CPM401-00001, CPM-002-00003, OP 3771/2009, 01-24158, CRO144/14CR, FAUNA1066-2008, RA-0190). This work was supported by NSF (DEB-1120356 and 1441652) to R.C.K.B., a postdoctoral fellowship to J.F. from the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, a fellowship to M.M. (Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, SFRH/BPD/100614/2014) and the University of Turin ex 60% Grant 2018 and 2019 to M.P. For help in the laboratory, we thank C. Bonillo, D. Gey (UMS2700-OMSI, MNHN) and L. Smith (University of California, Berkeley). The Science Faculty Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Cape Town (clearance number: 2008/V26/JF) and the IACUC committee of University of California at Berkeley (AUP-R317) approved the handling and sampling of the individuals. We would like to thank M. Balman, BirdLife International and NatureServe (2013), for providing the shape files used for Figure?1. For assistance in organizing field work and permits, we thank COSTECH (Commission for Science and Technology; Tanzania); TAWIRI (Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute); the Tanzanian Division of Forestry and Bee-keeping; Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife; the Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs (J. Heymans, T. J. Seakamela), R. Mojapelo (Polokwane Game Reserve); Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development of Burkina Faso (U. Belemsobgo); the AGEREF (Association intervillageoise de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, Banfora, BF); the Zoological Collection and Herbarium at ISCED-Hu?la, Angola (F. Lages); and Michael Mills. We also gratefully acknowledge M. Karama, H. Chittenden, P. Lloyd, ?. Ribeiro and H. Smit for various help and support in the field. J. Fjelds? acknowledges the Danish National Research Foundation for support to the Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate (DNRF96). We also thank J. B. Kristensen and R. J. Dowsett for help accessing crucial bibliographic data and unpublished data. Previous versions of the manuscript benefited from the comments of two anonymous reviewers, plus Gary Voelker and Rebecca Kimball. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 British Ornithologists' Union

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Few studies have quantified the extent of genetic differentiation within widely distributed polytypic African bird species with disjunct ranges. Current knowledge indicates that high levels of genetic differentiation are found for such lineages but generalization of the pattern requires further comparisons with other co-distributed taxa. We assessed the extent of phylogeographical structure across the range of the Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus using mitochondrial and nuclear intron data. The Olive Woodpecker occupies the forests of Central (Dendropicos griseocephalus ruwenzori) and Eastern (Dendropicos g. kilimensis) Africa, with a disjunct morphological lineage (Dendropicos g. griseocephalus) occurring in southern Africa. Each of the subspecies lineages can be diagnosed using morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of our sequence data recovered three monophyletic lineages with kilimensis sister to ruwenzori, and griseocephalus as sister to the clade uniting these two taxa. Molecular species delimitation methods and estimates of gene flow under the isolation-with-migration model suggest that the clade uniting the central and eastern subspecies may be recognized as distinct at the species level from the nominate subspecies, which is restricted to southern Africa. We conclude that D. griseocephalus (Boddaert, 1783) and D. ruwenzori (Sharpe, 1902) (including subspecies kilimensis) should be considered full species. The biogeographical pattern we uncover for the Olive Woodpecker differs from that of other co-distributed widespread species both in terms of the order of sequence divergence of lineages occupying different areas of endemism in Africa, and in the timing of divergence, being younger (0.5–0.7 mya BP) than that recovered for the co-distributed Square-tailed Drongo Dicrurus ludwigii (0.9–1.6 mya BP).

AB - Few studies have quantified the extent of genetic differentiation within widely distributed polytypic African bird species with disjunct ranges. Current knowledge indicates that high levels of genetic differentiation are found for such lineages but generalization of the pattern requires further comparisons with other co-distributed taxa. We assessed the extent of phylogeographical structure across the range of the Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus using mitochondrial and nuclear intron data. The Olive Woodpecker occupies the forests of Central (Dendropicos griseocephalus ruwenzori) and Eastern (Dendropicos g. kilimensis) Africa, with a disjunct morphological lineage (Dendropicos g. griseocephalus) occurring in southern Africa. Each of the subspecies lineages can be diagnosed using morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of our sequence data recovered three monophyletic lineages with kilimensis sister to ruwenzori, and griseocephalus as sister to the clade uniting these two taxa. Molecular species delimitation methods and estimates of gene flow under the isolation-with-migration model suggest that the clade uniting the central and eastern subspecies may be recognized as distinct at the species level from the nominate subspecies, which is restricted to southern Africa. We conclude that D. griseocephalus (Boddaert, 1783) and D. ruwenzori (Sharpe, 1902) (including subspecies kilimensis) should be considered full species. The biogeographical pattern we uncover for the Olive Woodpecker differs from that of other co-distributed widespread species both in terms of the order of sequence divergence of lineages occupying different areas of endemism in Africa, and in the timing of divergence, being younger (0.5–0.7 mya BP) than that recovered for the co-distributed Square-tailed Drongo Dicrurus ludwigii (0.9–1.6 mya BP).

KW - diversification

KW - Piciformes

KW - Pleistocene

KW - species limits

U2 - 10.1111/ibi.12875

DO - 10.1111/ibi.12875

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85092387182

VL - 163

SP - 417

EP - 428

JO - Ibis

JF - Ibis

SN - 0019-1019

IS - 2

ER -